Artificial intelligence is giving scientists new hope for studying the habitability of planets, in a study from astronomers Chris Lam and David Kipping. Their work looks at so-called ‘Tatooines’, and uses machine learning techniques to calculate how likely such planets are to survive into stable orbits. The study is published in the journal Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society.
Circumbinary planets are those planets that orbit two stars instead of just one, much like the fictional planet Tatooine in the Star Wars franchise. Tens of these planets have so far been discovered, but working out whether they may be habitable or not can be difficult.
Moving around two stars instead of just one can lead to large changes in a planet’s orbit, which mean that it is often either ejected from the system entirely, or it crashes violently into one of its twin stars. Traditional approaches to calculating which of these occurs for a given planet get significantly more complicated as soon as the extra star is thrown into the mix.
“When we simulated millions of possible planets with different orbits using traditional methods, we found that planets were being predicted as stable that were clearly not, and vice versa,” explains Lam, lead author of the study and a recent graduate of Columbia University.
Planets need to survive for billions of years in order for life to evolve, so finding out whether orbits are stable or not is an important question for habitability. The new work shows how machine learning can make accurate predictions even if the standard approach - based on Newton’s laws of gravity and motion - breaks down.
“Classification with numerous complex, inter-connected parameters is the perfect problem for machine learning,” says Professor Kipping, supervisor of the work.
After creating ten million hypothetical Tatooines with different orbits, and simulating each one to test for stability, this huge training set was fed into the deep learning network. Within just a few hours, the network was able to out-perform the accuracy of the standard approach.
More circumbinary planets look set to be discovered by NASA’s Transiting Exoplanet Survey Satellite (TESS) mission, and Lam expects their work to help: “Our model helps astronomers to know which regions are best to search for planets around binary stars. This will hopefully help us discover new exoplanets and better understand their properties.”
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Dr Morgan Hollis
Royal Astronomical Society
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Dr Robert Massey
Royal Astronomical Society
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Science contacts
Mr Chris Lam
Columbia University
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cl3425@columbia.edu
Prof. David Kipping
Columbia University
dkipping@astro.columbia.edu
Video, image and captions
Prof. David Kipping explains why three-body systems are so tricky and how a neural network can save the day. Neural networks can capture borderline cases that are missed by even the most sophisticated mathematical solutions. He also highlights how neural networks might play an increasingly larger role in answering similarly complex science questions.
Credit: D. Kipping / Cool Worlds Lab
Artist's impression of Kepler-16b, discovered by NASA's Kepler mission and the first confirmed circumbinary planet. It is a gas giant that orbits close to the edge of its binary system's habitable zone.
Credit: T. Pyle / NASA / JPL-Caltech
Further information
The new work appears in: "A machine learns to predict the stability of circumbinary planets", C. Lam & D. Kipping, Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society (2018) 476 (4): 5692-5697 (DOI: 10.1093/mnras/sty022).
A copy of the paper is available at: https://doi.org/10.1093/mnras/sty022
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